News from the field: A market for local people

by Cecilia Luzi

After visiting a market that was organized by urban-rural migrants, I was keen to learn more about local markets. So on a Sunday morning in late November, I went to the revitalization center (kasseika sentā) in Iwaya to visit the “Small truck market” (keitora ichi). The market was held in the large parking lot across the street from the center. The green tourism group I pick vegetables with once a week ran a stall at the market where they cooked soup in a huge cauldron, and made soba balls (soba dango) and mochi with anko. The last time I worked with them in their field, they asked me if I could help at the market. Their booth was located outside the side entrance of the revitalization center and while my partner and son enjoyed a day off, I shaped flat soba dango which were then cooked and added to a soup. The members of the green tourism group were hectic, and the only one who remained calm was a man speaking a dense dialect. Every time I encountered him, I had difficulty understanding even two words in a row when he spoke to me. But he had a nice, peaceful smile on his face and exuded a sincere serenity. At the market, he sat on the side porch of the revitalization center in front of the two fountains, steaming rice for the mochi. He monitored the intensity of the fire and kept an eye on the cooking time.

Steaming rice for mochi
Copyright © Cecilia Luzi 2022

After a shared lunch, the group began to prepare the mochi. At the stand where the soup was cooking, men and children took turns pounding the rice into the stone container. Once it was ready, the dough was pushed to the next table, where the women formed beautiful round, flattened balls with their hands, which were white with potato starch. This reminded me of the making of mozzarella. The preparation process is similar, including the speed with which the balls are formed, the precision with which the mixture is worked, the texture of the dough and the color. I couldn’t help but think of my favorite cheese. As soon as the mochi were ready (half of them were filled with anko), they were sold out. At the first strike of the wooden hammer on the stone, people immediately lined up at the stall, and as soon as they were formed, the mochi were immediately sold in packs of three for 350 yen. After the mochi were sold out, we started making sweet potatoes, fried in oil and sugar and sprinkled with black sesame seeds (my next task). These also sold out in no time, but I also kept eating while weighing them out to put in the containers.

Mochi hammers
Copyright © Cecilia Luzi 2022

From our stall, I could observe the customers, who were mainly locals and elderly people, but also families who came with their children for the kagura performances (a form of music and dance dedicated to Shinto gods) or the junior high school mochi sale. The stalls in the market mainly offered local fruits and vegetables. There was also a flower and plant stall, a wood craftsman, a woman who sewed and embroidered, and a tofu sale. In addition to our green tourism group’s booth, there were also three other food stalls that sold Buzen’s specialty Onimen (spicy noodles with locally produced chili peppers), Karaage and donuts. A small stage was set up to the side of the main entrance, where Kodomo Kagura (Kagura by students from various local groups) was performed from the beginning to the end of the event. Overall, there was a pleasant autumn atmosphere at the market. Maybe it was because the day was still warm, maybe it was the chaotic nature of the event, but I could feel the Sunday air. Children played on an old toy boat that looked like it had been abandoned for decades and climbed a memorial stone.

Children playing on a memorial stone
Copyright © Cecilia Luzi 2022

A couple of days after the market, I asked one of the members of the green tourism group how long they had been organizing this market. To my surprise, she replied that this was only the second time. The first time was in the spring of 2022. I am very curious to learn more about these types of events, especially markets that seem to exist in large numbers and pop up everywhere every week. As I’ve already found out during my digital research, markets can vary greatly in terms of customers, booths, location and size. After visiting the two markets I have described here and in my previous blog posts, I visited four other markets. The only thing they had in common was that people gathered to sell things they had made themselves. Markets are fascinating places to study the relationships between members of a community while learning about people’s work, life choices and everyday lives. I hope to learn more and write about how to prepare and organize a local market soon.

Guest Contribution: Revitalization through tourism in Shirakawa-Gō

by Madeline Gentz

Shirakawa-Gō is a famous historical and agricultural village in Gifu near Kanazawa and Takayama with a population of about 1,600. Due to the cold, harsh winters and heavy snowfalls, the village developed a unique architecture for its farmhouses called Gasshō. The houses, built in the Gasshō style, are characterized by three-sided, gabled thatched roofs. The houses are surrounded by fields, forests and mountains, creating a unique setting that is an expression of the local culture.
Thanks to these farmhouses, Shirakawa-Gō was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1995, making the village a thriving tourist destination. In 2019, the village welcomed over 2.15 million tourists or about 5,890 tourists per day. In other words, for every villager, there are 3 to 4 tourists per day. This phenomenon has made tourism the largest source of income for this small agricultural village. However, Shirakawa-Gō still uses its agriculture.

Farming houses in Shirakawa-Gō
Copyright © Madeline Gentz 2020

The tourist landscape includes 59 houses built in the Gasshō style. Many of them are used for tourist purposes such as accommodation, restaurants, museums and souvenir stores. There are museums about silk production, Gasshō architecture and an open-air museum showing the unique architecture. There are also numerous hot springs, ryokan and western-style hotels. For a small fee of 300 yen (≈ 2.10 euros) per house, many of these farmhouses can be visited. I had the opportunity to visit Shirakawa-Gō in January 2020 and had the chance to take a guided tour of one of the houses. These tours are usually led by the owner of each house and can give one a glimpse into life there.
Another big touristic event that takes place each year in Shirakawa-Gō and draws in thousands of tourists is the Shirakawa-Gō Winter Light-Up. On selected Sundays, in January and February, the Gasshō houses will be illuminated and can be seen from the Shiroyama Viewpoint. In the past, there have been up to 8,000 visitors per event. However, this led to some serious overcrowding and the village decided to limit the number of visitors to 5,000 per Light-Up-Event. These 5,000 come in addition to the roughly 5,890-day visitors. Usually, the lottery for this will be held in October/November before the event takes place.

Gasshō Houses are used for various purposes
Copyright © Madeline Gentz 2020

Tourism has brought numerous benefits to Shirakawa-Gō. The biggest is undoubtedly the income that tourists bring to the village. In addition, tourism helps to keep the local traditions and culture alive. Visitors come to Shirakawa-Gō to learn more about the culture and the money they spend can be used to maintain the traditional houses. Furthermore, tourism creates jobs for receptionists, tour guides, interpreters, cleaning staff and more. However, tourism can also bring some negative side effects. Shirakawa-Gō has already experienced some of these. One of the negative effects mentioned is over-tourism. It can lead to inappropriate behavior by tourists, hostility between locals and visitors, the strain on infrastructure, loss of authenticity, reduction in the quality of life for locals, and a lower experience for tourists. This was the case in Shirakawa-Gō when about 8,000 visitors came to the light-up events, but thanks to the measures put in place, further escalation was prevented.

These gasshō houses are used as minshuku (left) and as a souvenir shop (right)
Copyright © Madeline Gentz 2020

A reservation system was set up for the Light-Up events. A private company with the relevant know-how was entrusted with the organization of this system. In addition, parking fees were increased from 500 yen (≈ 3.60 euros) to 1,000 yen (≈ 7.20 euros) per car to raise additional funds for the World Heritage Site. Similarly, there is no longer any bookable private parking for visitors in the village and access to the city center by buses and cars is closed to visitors between 9 am and 4 pm.

Shiroyama viewpoint
Copyright © Madeline Gentz 2020

Tourism is also affected by uncontrollable factors such as seasonality and unpredictable disasters like COVID-19. Although Shirakawa-Gō is a year-round destination and does not have strong seasonal fluctuations, it was severely affected by the pandemic and visitor numbers dropped to 710,000 in 2020 and 420,000 in 2021. Despite this setback, Shirakawa-Gō is performing well as a tourist destination, and while other villages in Japan are shrinking and slowly disappearing, the culture and traditions of Shirakawa-Gō are being kept alive thanks to the interest of tourists.

Madeline Gentz is a BA student in Japanese Studies at Freie Universität Berlin. She completed her German-French double degree in international tourism management at the Harz University of Applied Sciences and La Rochelle Business School in 2020. After an internship at a travel agency in Tokyo, she moved to Berlin to pursue additional education in Japanese Studies.

ゲスト寄稿: 有田のまちなかガイド 町民がインバウンド観光を推進する観光協会と協力する Guest Contribution: Arita Tour Guides: Local citizens supporting the Tourism Association promote inbound tourism

文/英語訳:ヴィンセント – ホイザ

以前、このブログのいくつかの記事で述べたように、佐賀県の小さな町、有田は磁器で有名です。有田の磁器生産の歴史は400年以上前まで遡り、有田焼は世界的に人気です。ところが日本の数多くの地方と同じように、有田でも人口減少が深刻な問題になっています。また、日本の窯業自体、何十年前の昔のような繁栄はありません。そういった展開が若い世代での有田焼の人気度や知名度に陰りを落としています。このため商品としての磁器や、窯業へ興味を持ってもらうのがだんだん難しくなってきました。このことは窯業に携わる窯元や企業が工芸家の後継者を探すのが困難になり、有田町が以前のように数多くの観光客を誘致することも難しくなってきたことを意味します。有田観光協会は、もっと多くの観光客を有田へ呼び込み、有田の歴史や有田の数多くの興味深い、且大事な名所について観光客にもっと深く知ってもらうよう、観光客が依頼できる2つの観光ガイドグループを作りました。

by Vincent Heuser

As mentioned in many articles on this blog, the small town of Arita in Saga Prefecture is famous for its porcelain. The history of porcelain production in Arita goes back more than 400 years and Arita-yaki, the porcelain from Arita, is popular all over the world. However, like many other rural areas in Japan, Arita is suffering from a continuing population decline. In addition, the national ceramics industry is no longer as dynamic as it was a few decades ago. These developments are also negatively affecting the popularity and fame of Arita-yaki among younger generations. As a result, it has become much more difficult to interest people in porcelain as a commodity and in the ceramic industry itself. This also means that the various kilns and companies involved in the ceramics industry are having difficulty finding successors as artisans and that the city of Arita is having difficulty attracting the same number of tourists that it had in past decades [1]. In order to attract more tourists and give tourists visiting Arita a deeper insight into the history as well as the various important and interesting sites in Arita, the Arita Tourism Association has established two different groups of tour guides that can be hired by visitors to Arita.

有田観光協会に登録するガイドたち
Some of the guides registered at the Arita Tourism Association

Copyright © Arita Tourism Association 2021

1つめは「有田観光まちなかガイド」です。グループにはおおよそ30名が正式に観光ガイドとして有田観光協会に登録しています。ガイドは全員、ガイド会社に登録するプロではなく、それぞれ空いた時間で活動しているため、形式的にはアマチュアです。しかし有田と町の歴史について非常に深い知識、そしてガイドとしての高いスキルと経験をもっていることから、少なくともセミプロだと言えるでしょう。有田観光協会は毎年夏に「有田観光まちなかガイド」全員向けのセミナーを開催します。また毎月ミーティングに参加して、その時期の行事や有田の観光関連の情報をを共有します。さらにガイドたちは毎月勉強会を催し、有田と歴史について何か新しい事実を学びます。何人かのメンバーは別に2つの英語勉強会を作りました。1つは2015年発足、目標は次世代のガイド向けに英語・日本語のマニュアルを作成することです。背景として、ガイド後継者たち、また有田に興味のある一般人に、有田に関するあらゆる歴史的なテーマを学び、それを英語でどう表現するかを勉強させる目的があります。このグループは現在3冊目となる英語ガイドブックを作成しています。2つめのグループは2020年、新型コロナ感染症により、対面での英語勉強会が一時的に不可能になった時期に作られました。オンライン開催への切り替えによって、佐賀県内だけでなく全国から直接参加できない新しいメンバーを獲得することができました。オンライン英語勉強会の主な活動として、日本語を話さない観光客を有田案内する際に使用できる、やさしい英語での説明文作成に取り組んでいます。有田の歴史、とりわけ窯業の技術的な詳細は場合によっては、日本語でさえ説明しにくいです。そのため、オンライン英語勉強会が窯業や陶磁器一般について特に背景知識を持たない聞き手にとって、有田の情報を分かりやすくすることに取り組んでいます。

観光客に泉山磁石場を案内するガイド
One of the guides in action guiding tourists around the Izumiyama Quarry
Copyright © Arita Tourism Association 2017

The first is the Arita Kankō Machinaka Gaido group (Arita Tourism Town Guides). This group has about thirty members who are registered as official guides with the Arita Tourism Association. The guides are not affiliated with a professional company [2] and perform this activity in their spare time, which technically makes them amateurs. However, due to their in-depth knowledge of Arita and its history, as well as their high level of competence and experience as tour guides, they can be considered at least semi-professionals. The Arita Tourism Association holds a seminar every summer for all members of the Arita Kankō Machinaka Gaido group. In addition, the guides attend a monthly meeting to share current events and developments in tourism in Arita.  There is also a monthly study meeting [2] where the guides themselves learn new facts about Arita and its history. In addition, some members have established two separate English study groups. One was founded in 2015 and aims to create English-Japanese manuals for future generations of tour guides. The idea behind this is to give their successors, as well as people interested in Arita in general, the opportunity to study various historical topics related to Arita while learning how to express these things in English. Currently, the group is working on producing its third English guidebook. The second group was formed in 2020 during the first year of the pandemic when it had become temporarily impossible to hold English study meetings in person. The online meetings enabled the group to recruit new members from various locations in Saga Prefecture or from around the country who were unable to attend the face-to-face courses. The online group focuses on creating descriptions in easy-accessible English for tour guides to take non-Japanese speaking guests around Arita. The history of Arita and especially the technical details of the ceramics industry are often difficult to explain even in Japanese. Therefore, the group tries to make information about Arita understandable even for visitors without specific background knowledge about the ceramic industry and porcelain in general.

英語勉強会の様子
A meeting of the English Study Group
Copyright © Vincent Heuser 2022

英語勉強会のメンバーで英語マニュアルを作成
The members of the English Study Group present one of the English manuals they produced
Copyright © Vincent Heuser 2021

有田観光協会が作った2つめの観光ガイドグループは「有田まちなか案内ジュニア隊」です。グループは2016年に発足、有田の小学校5年生と6年生の子どもで構成されています。メンバーは最長2年間このグループに所属でき、グループ発足以来、これまで40名以上の子ども達が活動に参加しました。このグループの主な活動は有田の秋の陶磁器祭りの期間中に行われます。子ども達は夏にこのグループに登録し、有田と観光ガイドの業務について研修を受けます。皆がそれぞれ1ヶ所の観光スポットを担当し、秋の陶磁器祭りの期間中、観光客を有田で町案内し、それぞれの担当スポットの紹介や説明をします。小学生がこのグループの活動に参加できる期間は限られています。しかし参加者が自分の町や、地元の観光業界に携わる人々とさらに深いつながりが持てるので、参加中に得る知識や経験は子ども達だけでなく有田町にとっても非常に貴重なものになっています。毎年新しいメンバーがこのグループに参加し、有田観光協会によるこのプロジェクトは若い町民が有田をより親しく感じ学び、有田をもっと知り、好きになるための重要な取り組みです。

The second group of tour guides founded by the Arita Tourism Association is the so-called Arita Machinaka Annai Juniatai (Arita Town Guide Junior Group). This group has been in existence since 2016 and is composed of 5th and 6th-grade elementary school children from Arita. Members can stay in this group for a maximum of two years and more than 40 children have participated in the group’s activities as members since its establishment. The main activity of this group as a guide takes place during the Autumn Arita Ceramics Festival. Children sign up for the group in the summer and attend training to learn more about Arita and how to become a tour guide [4]. Each is responsible for one site [5], and during the Arita Ceramics Fall Festival, they guide visitors around Arita, introducing and explaining the different sites [6]. The amount of time that elementary school students can participate in this group’s activities is limited. However, the knowledge and experience they gain during this time are very valuable for both the children themselves and the town of Arita, as the participants form an even deeper connection with their town and the people who are part of the local tourism community. Every year, new members join this group, making it an important project of the Arita Tourism Association to bring young citizens closer to the city of Arita and to inspire them to learn about and appreciate Arita.

有田まちなか案内ジュニア隊が大公孫樹の前で話している
A member of the Arita Machinaka Annai Juniatai speaking in front of the Big Ginko Tree
Copyright © Arita Tourism Association 2022

ここで紹介した2つの観光ガイドグループは、有田町をもっと訪れやすく、魅力的な観光地にする取り組みの中で非常に重要な役割を占めています。自分の地元の歴史に興味と誇りを持つ人々こそ、将来その地域を守るためのカギとなるはずです。この記事で取り上げた事例では、インバウンド観光とその地方の魅力の推進への注力は、地元の伝統や工芸の衰退を遅らせる助けと確かになるでしょう。特に有田のように特定の伝統や工芸で名が知られている場所では、その名声を守るための取り組みや発想が結果的にその地域全体を長生きさせることにつながるでしょう。

The two groups of guides mentioned in this article play an important role in making Arita more accessible and attractive as a destination for tourists. People who are interested in and proud of the history of their region can be key to preserving that region in the future. In the cases described in this article, focusing on inbound tourism and promoting a region’s appeal and charm can certainly help slow the process of local traditions and crafts disappearing. Especially in places like Arita that are known for a particular tradition or craft, efforts and ideas to maintain that fame can eventually help the entire area sustain itself.

[1] https://www.town.arita.lg.jp/main/262.html
[2] Kankou Gaido ni natte Arita no miryoku wo tsutaetemimasenka? Arita Kankou Machinaka Gaido Daiboshuu (Do you want to become a Tourist Guide and tell about the charme of Arita? Arita Tourism Town Guides big recruitment) (pamphlet published by the Arita Tourism Association)
[3] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ngTMucgkyMw
[4] 2022 Nendo Arita Machinaka Annai Juniatai Daiboshuu (2022 Arita Town Guide Junior Group big recruitment) (pamphlet published by the Arita Tourism Association)
[5] https://www.arita.jp/junior/
[6] https://www.arita.jp/event/toujikimatsuri/post_71.html


ヴィンセント・ホイザはハンブルク大学アフリカ・アジア学部日本学科を卒業しました。卒業論文のテーマは「2011年の東日本大震災後の日本:東北地方の復興」です。現在はJETプログラムの参加者として、有田町役場で勤務しています。

Vincent Heuser received his bachelor’s degree from Hamburg University with a thesis on “Japan after the triple disaster 2011: The revitalization of the Tōhoku area”. He currently works as the coordinator for international relations (CIR) in the JET-Program at the municipal hall of Arita-chō.

Symposium: Urban rural migration in Japan and Europe: Transnational and comparative perspectives

Time: February 2, 2023 – February 3, 2023
Location: JDZB, Saargemünder Str. 2, 14195 Berlin
Registration and program: Urban-Rural Migration in Japan and Europe: Transnational and Comparative Perspectives | Japanisch-Deutsches Zentrum Berlin (jdzb.de)

Rural areas are struggling with economic and demographic problems in many places of the world and are often confronted with the migration of rural populations to urban centers. This is especially true for communities in rural Japan, which have been affected by declining birth rates, aging, and out-migration for decades. In the past decade, however, there has been a sharp increase in both the number of people interested in moving from urban to rural areas in Japan and those who actually relocate. Urban-rural migration of older people yearning for a more relaxed retirement or younger people seeking a more sustainable lifestyle is currently evident in many post-industrial societies. A distinctive feature of Japan is the numerous programs and subsidies initiated by various actors to encourage people to move or return to rural Japan and thereby revitalize local economies and agriculture. Although research on rural areas in Japan assumes that the immigration of educated and creative people has a positive impact on the revitalization of rural communities, there has been little empirical evidence to support this assumption.

This is the starting point of this symposium, which aims to compare empirical results from the DFG project “Urban-rural migration and rural revitalization in Japan” with urban-rural migration outside Japan, while at the same time discussing the role of transnational mobility for domestic urban-rural migration in Japan. From an interdisciplinary perspective and with the involvement of practitioners, the symposium aims to analyze connections between urban-rural migration, (local) revitalization practices and global social, political and economic structures.

Program:

Thursday, February 2

15:00 –         Registration

15:30 – 16:00   Opening

15:30 – 15:45   Tokiko Kiyota (Japanese-German Center Berlin)

15:45 – 16:00   Cornelia Reiher (Freie Universität Berlin)

16:00 – 17:00   Keynote Speeches

16:00 – 16:30   Post-Pandemic Developments in Lifestyle Migration: from Back-  to-the-Land to Urbanrural?
Susanne Klien (Hokkaido University)

16:30 – 17:00   Where are we at with Counterurbanisation in these Post-Covid Times: Rural Renaissance or Recuperation?
Keith Halfacree (Swansea University)

17:00 – 17:30   Coffee Break

17:30 – 19:00   Roundtable Discussion: Urban-Rural Migration and Rural Revitalization from a Global Perspective: Challenges for Japan and Europe
Chair: Cornelia Reiher (Freie Universität Berlin)

Susanne Klien (Hokkaido University)

Keith Halfacree (Swansea University)

Taichi Goto (Region Works LLC Fukuoka)

Annett Steinführer (Thünen Institute of Rural Studies) 

19:00 –         Reception


Friday, February 3

09:00 –         Registration

09:30 – 11:00   Session 1: Urban-Rural Migrants’ Experiences and their Contributions to Rural Areas 
Chair: Cecilia Luzi (Freie Universität Berlin)

09:30 – 09:50   The Best of Both Worlds? Experiences of Urban Migrants in Rural Aso
Wolfram Manzenreiter and Antonia Miserka (University of Vienna) 

09:50 – 10:10   Mobile Biographies of Urban-Rural Migrants in Rural East Germany: the Case of Nordsachsen District
Tim Leibert (Leibniz Institute for Regional Geography) 

10:10 – 10:30   Lifestyle Migration and Social Distinction in Rural Peripheries: Lessons from a Study on Alternative Foodscapes in Czechia’s Borderlands
Anja Decker (Czech Academy of Science)

10:30 – 11:00   Discussion

11:00 – 11:30   Coffee Break

11:30 – 12:30   Session 2: Project Introduction: Urban-rural Migration and Rural Revitalization in Japan
Chair: Lin-Yu Ng (Freie Universität Berlin)

11:30 – 11:45   Urban-Rural Migration and Rural Revitalization in Kyushu: Online, Offline and in Between
Cornelia Reiher (Freie Universität Berlin)

11:45 – 12:00   Welcoming Foreign Talent: How a Small Municipality Seeks to Revitalize itself
Tu Thanh Ngo (Freie Universität Berlin)

12:00 – 12:15   Finding Home in Rural Japan: Urban-Rural Migrants in Kyushu
Cecilia Luzi (Freie Universität Berlin)

12:15 – 12:30   Discussion

12:30 – 14:00   Lunch

14:00 – 15:30   Session 3: Urban-Rural Migration and the State: Policies and Politics
Chair: Tu Thanh Ngo (Freie Universität Berlin)

14:00 – 14:20   The Politics of Attracting Residents to Depopulating Municipalities in Japan
Ken Hijino (Kyoto University) 

14:20 – 14:40   Hamm (Sieg): Into the Future with Creative Solutions
Dietmar Henrich (Mayor of Hamm)

14:40 – 15:00   Locals and Newcomers in Remote Rural Areas: Twenty Years of Experimental Research
Angel Paniagua Mazorra (Spanish Council for Scientific Research)

15:00 – 15:30   Discussion

15:30 – 16:00   Coffee Break

16:00 – 17:30   Session 4: The Future of Rural Areas and Urban-Rural Migration
Chair: Maritchu Durand (Freie Universität Berlin)

16:00 – 16:20   A Framework for a New Creative Tourism-Based Community Development in Japan
Tadashi Saito (Yamaguchi Prefectural University) 

16:20 – 16:40   Urban-Rural Migration and Rural Futures in Germany
Annett Steinführer (Thünen Institute of Rural Studies)

16:40 – 17:00   Opportunities and Challenges in Swedish Rural Areas
Susanne Stenbacka (Uppsala University)

17:00 – 17:30   Discussion

17:30 – 18:15   Final Discussion
Chair: Cornelia Reiher (Freie Universität Berlin)

18:15           End of symposium